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Jabin Botsford

The National Archives and Records Administration has asked the Justice Department to examine Donald Trump’s handling of White House records, sparking discussions among federal law enforcement officials about whether they should investigate the former president for a possible crime, according to two people familiar with the matter.

The referral from the National Archives came amid recent revelations that officials recovered 15 boxes of materials from the former president’s Mar-a-Lago residence in Florida that were not handed back in to the government as they should have been, and that Trump had turned over other White House records that had been torn up. Archives officials suspected Trump had possibly violated laws concerning the handling of government documents — including those that might be considered classified — and reached out to the Justice Department, the people familiar with the matter said.

The people spoke on the condition of anonymity to discuss a politically sensitive request. The two people said the discussions about the matter remained preliminary, and it was not yet clear whether the Justice Department would investigate. The department also might be interested in merely reclaiming classified materials. A Justice Department spokesman declined to comment.

‘He never stopped ripping things up’: Inside Trump’s relentless document destruction habits

Trump’s years-long defiance of the Presidential Records Act, which requires the preservation of memos, letters, notes, emails, faxes and other written communications related to a president’s official duties, has long raised concerns among historians and legal observers. His penchant for ripping up official documents was first reported by <a href="https://www.politico.com/story/2018/06/10/trump-papers-filing-system-635164" target="_blank">Politico in 2018</a>, but it has drawn new scrutiny in recent weeks because of a House select committee’s investigation of the Jan. 6, 2021, attack on the U.S. Capitol.

The Washington Post <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2022/01/31/trump-ripped-up-documents/" target=_blank>reported late last month</a> that some of the White House records the National Archives turned over to the committee appeared to have been torn apart and then taped back together. The Post <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/02/07/trump-records-mar-a-lago/" target=_blank>later found</a> — and the Archives confirmed — that officials had recovered 15 boxes of presidential records from Mar-a-Lago.

The materials they recovered included correspondence with North Korean leader Kim Jong Un that Trump once described as “love letters,” as well as a letter left for Trump by President Barack Obama, people familiar with the matter said. The National Archives also retrieved a map of Hurricane Dorian that had been altered with a black marker by Trump in a failed attempt to show he had not been wrong about the storm’s path, according to a person familiar with the contents of the boxes. The Archives in a statement earlier this week said Trump representatives were “continuing to search” for additional records.

In a statement Wednesday, Trump said he had engaged in “collaborative and respectful” discussions with the Archives and had arranged for the “transport of boxes that contained Presidential Records in compliance with the Presidential Records Act.” He said that the media had falsely characterized his relationship with the National Archives and Records Administration as hostile and that it was a “great honor” to work with the agency.

“Much of this material will someday be displayed in the Donald J. Trump Presidential Library for the public to view my Administration’s incredible accomplishments for the American People,” he said.

Democratic congressional committee chairs this week have expressed concern about Trump’s adherence to the presidential records law and archive requirements.

Rep. Carolyn B. Maloney (D-N.Y.), chair of the House Oversight Committee, said this week that the records removal from Trump’s Florida club will be investigated. Trump’s reported actions regarding White House records were “deeply troubling but not surprising,” she said in a statement.

Earlier this week, Sen. Gary C. Peters (D-Mich.) said in a statement that “Congress must take action … to ensure that every administration is appropriately handling and preserving important records related to the President’s official duties.” Peters — chairman of the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee, which has jurisdiction over the National Archives — is working on legislation to strengthen records laws and plans to hold hearings on the topic in coming months, a Peters staffer said.

Substantiating a criminal case against Trump — and perhaps even launching a criminal investigation — could be difficult.

Michael Kunzelman

Legal experts and analysts have noted that the National Archives lacks a real enforcement mechanism, and all recent administrations have had some violations of federal records laws — most often involving the use of unofficial email and telephone accounts.

Anne Weismann, the longtime chief counsel for Citizens for Ethics and Responsibility in Washington, said that Trump “clearly violated the records act in multiple ways, and that — even if the statute was essentially not enforceable — the Justice Department should still investigate.”

“If they don’t investigate, given how flagrant these violations appear to be, it would basically be saying there is no accountability under the statute,” she said. “Imagine the scenario if Trump was reelected and what that would mean, and there was no consequences for all of these violations. He could have an entire White House that just thumbed their nose at the Presidential Records Act. I understand through the climate we live in, everything is viewed through a political lens. But I don’t think that should stop the Justice Department at all.”

Federal law makes it a crime to destroy government records, but it requires that a person know specifically they are breaking the law when doing so. That could be difficult to do for Trump, who advisers say tore up documents out of habit, leaving staffers to retrieve and reassemble piles of torn paper. According to people familiar with the matter, Trump had been counseled by at least two chiefs of staff and the White House counsel to follow the law on preserving documents.

In January 2021, in the waning days of the Trump presidency, some administration staffers also raised flags that some of the gifts Trump had received as president still remained in the White House rather than being properly turned over to the National Archives, said two former staffers familiar with the warning who, like others interviewed for this report, spoke on the condition of anonymity to share details of a potentially problematic practice. In the final days of the Trump administration, the packing was rushed and aides were concerned that personal items were being mixed with official items, according to former administration officials.

The Justice Dept. alleged Jan. 6 was a seditious conspiracy. Now will it investigate Trump?

“There was quite a bit of concern about the amount of mixing of personal effects with gifts that had been received during his time in office, which I’m sure in a traditional White House would have immediately been processed and given to the Archives,” one of the former staffers said. “But in the Trump White House, it was scattered throughout the West Wing, displayed behind glass, in the private dining room and in the private residence on the second floor.”

The concern now is that many of those gifts and other government documents improperly made their way to Trump’s private Mar-a-Lago Club in Palm Beach, Fla. This former staffer said, for instance, that after leaving the White House, Trump displayed a mini model of one of the black border-wall slats — with an engraved plaque on top — on his desk in his private office at Mar-a-Lago. Previously, as president, Trump had kept the item on the credenza in the private dining room just off the Oval Office, next to some challenge coins he had been given.

During Trump’s 2016 campaign, as well as his presidency, building a wall at the nation’s southern border became a rallying cry for Trump and his supporters, and as president, Trump become deeply involved with the minutia of the wall’s design. Trump specifically wanted the wall to be <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/trump-wants-his-border-barrier-to-be-painted-black-with-spikes-he-has-other-ideas-too/2019/05/16/b088c07e-7676-11e9-b3f5-5673edf2d127_story.html" target=_blank>a steel bollard fence painted in “flat black” — a dark color known to absorb heat that could make the wall too hot for climbers to scale</a> — and with sharp spikes on top, to appear more intimidating to would-be climbers.

Trump also took with him a <a href="https://www.politico.com/newsletters/playbook/2021/02/15/the-biden-presidency-starts-today-491750?cid=su_tw_pb" target=_blank>model of the Air Force One redesign</a> he had proposed — replacing the Boeing 747’s baby blue with a dark blue belly and a similarly dark red stripe ­— when he left the White House. As president, Trump displayed the model redesign of Air Force One on a table in the Oval Office; now, it sits in a similar place of honor at his private Florida club, atop a coffee table at the entrance to Mar-a-Lago’s opulent gold-plated lobby room, which guests pass through to get to the patio.

It also could be a legal problem if significant amounts of classified material were among the materials at Mar-a-Lago, though it is hardly unheard of for former government officials to have such material outside appropriate government storage channels. It was not immediately clear whether classified documents were among those at Mar-a-Lago.

As president, Trump would have had virtually unlimited ability to disseminate classified materials, and prosecuting him even as a former official would bring significant challenges. To substantiate a criminal case, prosecutors would have to prove that, once out of office, he intentionally mishandled the material or was grossly negligent in doing so.

A former senior administration official said the staff was careful not to leave classified or particularly sensitive information with Trump, because there was a widespread belief he may mishandle it. “We would brief him on information, but we wouldn’t leave him the papers,” said the official, who worked for Trump for several years. “He usually wouldn’t care.”

Hillary Clinton, Trump’s opponent in 2016, was famously investigated by the FBI for possibly mishandling classified information in connection with her use of a private email server while she was secretary of state. That investigation began after a referral from the intelligence community’s inspector general.

Investigators found 110 emails that contained classified information at the time they were sent or received in the group of 30,000 that Clinton later turned over for review. The Justice Department ultimately did not bring criminal charges, after the FBI decided that Clinton did not act with the intent necessary to substantiate a case. On the campaign trail, Trump <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2016/06/02/politics/donald-trump-hillary-clinton-imprisoned/index.html" target=_blank>called for Clinton to be jailed</a> over the matter.

Two Trump advisers said that they were aware of no investigation and that their conversations had been cordial with the National Archives. Alex Cannon, a longtime Trump lawyer, has been a point of contact for the Archives, two people familiar with the matter said.

<i>Tom Hamburger contributed to this report.</i>

Shared in a Pulitzer Prize for Public Service, for reporting in 2021 on the Jan. 6 attack at the U.S. Capitol 

Shared in a George Polk Award, for reporting in 2017 on ties between the Trump campaign and Kremlin-connected Russians 

Ohio University, bachelor's degree in journalism

Matt Zapotosky is Deputy Metro Editor, responsible for overseeing criminal justice and breaking news coverage and other strategic initiatives. Before moving into editing, he spent 15 years as a Metro and National reporter. He was part of The Post team that won the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service for reporting on the Jan. 6 attack at the Capitol. 

Matt Zapotosky

Harvard University, BA IN Government

Jacqueline Alemany is a Congressional Investigations reporter for The Washington Post. Previously, she was the author of The Early 202, The Post's flagship early morning newsletter featuring news critical to the nation’s many power centers. Alemany is also an on-air contributor to NBC News and MSNBC.

Jacqueline Alemany

Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting, 2018, for coverage of Russian interference; Pulitzer Prize for Public Service, 2022, for coverage of the Jan. 6 attacks.

University of Pennsylvania, BA in English (Creative Writing); Communications

Ashley Parker is Senior National Political Correspondent for The Washington Post. She has been part of two Post teams that won Pulitzer Prizes — in 2018 for National Reporting, and in 2022 for Public Service on the Jan. 6 attacks. She joined The Post in 2017, after 11 years at the New York Times. She is also an on-air contributor to NBC News/MSNBC.

Ashley Parker

White House Correspondents Award for Deadline Reporting

University of South Carolina

Josh Dawsey is a political enterprise and investigations reporter for The Washington Post. He joined the paper in 2017 and previously covered the White House. Before that, he covered the White House for Politico, and New York City Hall and New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie for the Wall Street Journal.