Case 1:21-cr-00582-CRC Document 97 Filed 04/25/22 Page 1 of 20

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA :

:
v. : Criminal Case No. 21-582 (CRC)
:
MICHAEL A. SUSSMANN, :
:
Defendant. :

GOVERNMENT’S REPLY TO THE DEFENDANT’S AND NON-PARTY

INTERVENORS’ FILINGS CONCERNING THE GOVERNMENT’S MOTION TO
COMPEL THE PRODUCTION OF PURPORTED PRIVILEGED COMMUNICATIONS
FOR IN CAMERA INSPECTION

The United States of America, by and through its attorney, Special Counsel John H.

Durham, respectfully provides herein its reply to the oppositions and other filings made by

defendant, Michael Sussmann (the “defendant”), Perkins Coie LLP (“Perkins Coie”), Hillary for

America, Inc. (“HFA”), the Democratic National Committee (“DNC”), Fusion GPS, and the

individual referred to in the Indictment and herein as “Tech Executive-1.” As set forth in further

detail below, none of the arguments or facts contained in these parties’ filings and accompanying

affidavits undermine the Government’s limited request that the Court review 38 relevant documents

in camera to determine if they are being properly withheld from the Government’s trial evidence

based on the attorney-client privilege and attorney work product protections. Indeed, the purported

privilege holders who have intervened do so in a case in which the defendant is alleged to have

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denied representing any client when he brought the Russian Bank-1 allegations to the FBI. 1 And

these parties are advancing a highly novel, and seemingly broad, theory of attorney-client privilege,

namely, that Fusion GPS’s political opposition research – which triggered a sizeable outflow of

unverified derogatory information into the media, the government, and the public – was, in reality,

confidential expert work intended to support legal advice regarding libel and defamation. Even

more novel, the purported privilege holders here contend that they all maintained a common legal

interest in that work, despite the fact that the group includes Tech Executive-1, with whom none of

other purported privilege holders had any formal or informal legal relationship. Accordingly, and

as set forth in further detail below, the Court should reject the parties’ efforts to prevent limited

judicial review of their privilege determinations, particularly where those determinations have a

direct and unavoidable bearing on upcoming trial testimony.

I. The Government’s Motion is Timely

As an initial matter, the defendant and others accuse the Government of carrying out an

untimely “full frontal assault” on the attorney client privilege by raising these issues more than a

month before trial. (Def. Opp. at 1.) But those characterizations distort reality. Indeed, the opposite

is true: the primary reason the Government waited until recently to bring these issues to the Court’s

attention was because it wanted to carefully pursue and exhaust all collaborative avenues of

resolving these matters short of litigation. The Government did so to avoid bringing a challenge to

the parties’ privilege determinations and to ensure that it first gathered all relevant facts and

1
The Government acknowledges – and indeed, the Indictment alleges – that the defendant
maintained attorney-client relationships with the Clinton Campaign and Tech Executive-1. At issue
here, however, is the proper scope of the attorney-client privilege and attorney work product
protections being asserted by those clients.
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provided the relevant privilege holders with notice and an opportunity to explain the bases for their

privilege assertions. Even the emails between the Government and counsel that the defendant

quotes in his opposition reflect this very purpose. See., e.g., Def. Opp. at 7 (quoting emails in which

the Special Counsel’s Office stated that it “wanted to give all parties involved the opportunity to

weigh in before we. . . seek relief from the Court” and requested a call “to avoid filing motions with

the Court.”).

In addition, over the course of months, and until recently, the Government has been

receiving voluminous rolling productions of documents and privilege logs from numerous parties.

The Government carefully analyzed such productions in order assess and re-assess the potential

legal theories that might support the parties’ various privilege assertions. In connection with that

process, the Special Counsel’s Office reached out to each of those parties’ counsel numerous times,

directing their attention to specific documents where possible and communicating over email and

phone in an effort to obtain non-privileged explanations for the relevant privilege determinations.2

The Government also supplied multiple counsel with relevant caselaw and pointed them to

documents and information in the public domain that it believed bore on these issues. The

Government was transparent at every step of these discussions in stating that it was contemplating

seeking the Court’s intervention and guidance. Unfortunately, despite the Government’s best

efforts and numerous phone calls, it was not able to obtain meaningful, substantive explanations to

support these continuing broad assertions of privilege and/or work product protections.

2
In response to these inquiries and discussions, Tech Executive-1’s counsel withdrew his client’s
privilege assertions over a small number of documents, and Fusion GPS produced a redacted
version of its retention agreement with Perkins Coie.
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It was only recently, when the Government determined it would need to call an employee

of Fusion GPS as a trial witness (the “Fusion Witness”), that the Government concluded these issues

could not be resolved without the Court’s attention. Because all or nearly all of the Fusion

Witness’s expected testimony on these matters concern work carried out under an arrangement that

the privilege holders now contend was established for the purpose of providing legal advice, it is

essential to resolve the parties’ potential disputes about the appropriate bounds of such testimony

(and the redaction or withholding of related documents).

Critically, the Government here is only seeking in camera review of a relatively small

quantity of documents. Moreover, it has not taken any final position concerning whether those

documents are, in fact, properly subject to privilege and attorney work product assertions. Contrary

to the defendant’s assertion, courts routinely entertain post-indictment motions to compel the

production of grand jury subpoenaed documents previously withheld on attorney-client privilege

grounds. See e.g., United States v. Singhal, 842 F. Supp. 2d 1 (D.D.C. 2011) (following defendant’s

indictment, court granted government’s motion to compel the production of certain subpoenaed

documents that had previously been withheld on attorney-client privilege grounds); United States

v. Spinosa, 21 CR 206, 2021 WL 2644936 (S.D.N.Y. June 28, 2021) (granting the government’s

post-indictment motion for an in camera review of grand jury subpoenaed documents previously

withheld on attorney-client privilege grounds); United States v. Ceglia, 12-CR-876, 2015 WL

1499194 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 30, 2015) (court conducted a post-indictment in camera review of certain

grand jury subpoenaed documents withheld on attorney-client privilege grounds.)

Accordingly, the Government respectfully submits that far from carrying out an “ambush”

or a “frontal assault,” it has proceeded here reasonably and with appropriate caution.

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II. The Parties’ Privilege and Work Product Assertions Warrant In Camera Review

The parties’ recent submissions underscore, rather than allay, the Government’s concerns

about the broad scope of the privilege assertions being made here. Perhaps recognizing that only a

small quantity of the communications at issue involve an attorney, Fusion GPS and the other parties

now rely primarily on the theory that the communications are attorney work product, rather than

core attorney-client privileged materials. See, e.g., Fusion GPS Opp. at 8 – 11. But in order for

work product protections to apply, the records at issue must specifically relate to, and support, the

provision of confidential legal advice in anticipation of litigation. Indeed, the question is “‘whether,

in light of the nature of the document and the factual situation in the particular case, the document

can fairly be said to have been prepared or obtained because of the prospect of litigation.’” Senate

of Puerto Rico v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 823 F.2d 574, 586 n. 42 (D.C. Cir.1987) (quoting 8 Charles

A. Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2024 at 198 (1970) (emphasis

added)). As explained further below, no such showing has been made here. Moreover, even if such

a showing had been made, the Government has also met its factual burden of demonstrating the

need to obtain discovery of work product-protected materials. Accordingly, in camera review is

warranted.

A. Fusion GPS’s Work Was Primarily Opposition Research, Not Support to Legal
Advice

First, the factual record overwhelmingly reflects that Fusion GPS’s primary function was

to collect and disseminate derogatory information into the public sphere, not to provide private

“expertise” in support of legal advice. Although former HFA General Counsel Marc Elias states in

his affidavit filed with this Court that “Fusion’s role was to provide consulting services in support

of . . . legal advice . . . related to defamation, libel and similar laws,” and that “Fusion’s work was
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incorporated and distilled into my judgments about legal issues” (Dkt. 866-4, Elias Aff. at 4)

(emphasis added), the factual record and Fusion GPS’s own communications raise serious questions

about this depiction.

As an initial matter, if Fusion GPS’s work product was, in fact, intended primarily to support

“legal advice” about how to avoid liability for “defamation, libel, and similar laws,” one would

expect contemporaneous emails and documents to reflect that Fusion GPS and/or its clients

exercised some degree of caution and care before publicizing unverified or potentially

inflammatory materials. Moreover, if rendering such advice was truly the intended purpose of

Fusion GPS’s retention, one would also expect the investigative firm to seek permission and/or

guidance from HFA or its counsel before sharing such derogatory materials with the media or

otherwise placing them into the public domain. In other words, if the purpose of Fusion GPS’s

retention was – as Mr. Elias implies – to determine the bounds of what could (and could not) be

said publicly without committing libel or defamation, then the record would reflect genuine efforts

to remain within those bounds. And it would also reflect efforts to do so confidentially.

But the facts and documents available to the Government to tell a different story. Indeed,

the documents produced by Fusion GPS to date reflect hundreds of emails in which Fusion GPS

employees shared raw, unverified, and uncorroborated information – including their own draft

research and work product – with reporters. And they appear to have done so as part of a (largely

successful) effort to trigger negative news stories about one the Presidential candidates. For

example, and as reflected in the attached Exhibit A3:

3
The Government is filing Exhibit A under seal due personally-identifiable information contained
within the referenced emails. The Government will file a redacted version of Exhibit A on the
public docket if the Court so orders.
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 On May 14, 2016, a Fusion GPS employee emailed a Slate reporter who would

publish an article about the Russian Bank-1 allegations several months later. In the exchange and

subsequent emails, the employee shared portions of research that Fusion GPS was conducting

regarding a Trump advisor (“Trump Advisor-1”). The employee and one of Fusion GPS’s co-

founders subsequently exchanged additional emails with the reporter in which they conveyed

information Fusion GPS had gathered regarding, among other things, Trump Advisor-1, Russian

Bank-1, and a purported board member of Russian Bank-1 who later would appear in the Fusion

GPS white paper that the defendant provided to the FBI. Ex. A at 1-3.

 On July 26, 2016, the same Fusion GPS co-founder emailed a Wall Street Journal

reporter and conveyed certain allegations regarding Trump Advisor-1, which Fusion GPS recently

had obtained from the author of the now-famous “dossier” concerning Trump (whom Fusion GPS

had hired in approximately May 2016). In the email, the Fusion GPS co-founder stated, in part,

“Well this thing is only gonna get bigger. You know the Russians aren’t done dumping. OTR [Off

the record] the easy scoop waiting for confirmation: that dude [Trump Advisor-1] met with Igor

Sechin when he went to Moscow earlier this month. [] Needless to say, a Trump advisor meeting

with a former KGB official close to Putin. . . would be huge news.” Id. at 7 (emphasis added).

 In a subsequent email on the same date, the Fusion GPS co-founder urged the

reporter to “call [a named U.S. Representative] or [a named U.S. Senator],” stating, “I bet they are

concerned about what [Trump Advisor-1] was doing other than giving a speech over 3 days in

Moscow.” Id.

 On July 29, 2016, another reporter – to whom the Fusion GPS co-founder had also

passed the aforementioned information regarding Trump Advisor-1 – wrote to another Fusion GPS

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co-founder: “That [Trump Advisor-1] met with Sechin or Ivanov. ‘Its bullshit. Impossible,’ said

one of our Moscow sources.” In an email to the reporter later that day, the co-founder wrote: “No

worries, I don’t expect lots of people to believe it. It is, indeed, hard to believe.” Id. at 16.

 On July 31, 2016, a reporter emailed the same co-founder of Fusion GPS and asked

him, in part, “you guys have any of the underlying docs for [Trump Advisor-1] companies in

Oklahoma and elsewhere? “. . . you linked to company called [company name]. Checked those

registration forms but did not see [Trump Advisor-1] listed. Any further thoughts on [Trump

Advisor-1] investments?” Thereafter, the Fusion GPS co-founder responded with the name of the

aforementioned board member of Russian Bank-1. Id. at 17.

 On July 27, 2016, an ABC News reporter emailed one of the Fusion GPS co-

founders concerning an individual who was then President of the Russian-American Chamber of

Commerce (“Chamber President-1”), stating, in part, “making arrangements to interview [Chamber

President-1]. We should chat.” Id. at 14.

 On July 28, 2016, a Fusion GPS employee emailed the same ABC News reporter,

copying the Fusion GPS co-founder, and attached a “comprehensive report” regarding Chamber

President-1. The report appears to contain information gathered from public sources and/or

commercial databases. Id. at 15.

 On September 8, 2017, a Fusion GPS employee emailed a Washington Post reporter

attaching a document prepared by another Fusion GPS employee: “doc one of our associates wrote.

i believe [another Washington Post reporter] has a copy we believe but can’t prove that

[abbreviation for Trump Advisor-1] and this guy et al. have some profit sharing arrangement out

there somewhere my guess would be cyprus or BVI or cayman.” Id. at 22.

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 On September 27, 2016, a New York Times reporter who would later publish an

article regarding the Russian Bank-1 allegations emailed one of the aforementioned co-founders of

Fusion GPS, asking if Chamber President-1 had an email address associated with Russian Bank-1.

Id. at 35.

 On the same date, the Fusion GPS co-founder replied to the reporter, stating in part,

“see below from ip-tracker.org from three weeks ago.” The email then stated that Chamber

President-1 “was using an IP address registered in Moscow,” and noted that a telecom company

under the same parent company as Russian Bank-1 “was its internet service provider.” The email

then included additional screenshots, links, and other internet-related information pertaining to

Chamber President-1 that Fusion GPS had apparently gathered. Id. at 34.

 On October 5, 2016, one of the aforementioned Fusion GPS co-founders sent to a

Yahoo News reporter a September 1, 2016 draft of the same Fusion GPS white paper that the

defendant had provided to the FBI General Counsel three weeks earlier. The co-founder stated,

“off the record – all open source tho.” Later that day, the co-founder sent the same Fusion GPS

draft white paper to a Reuters reporter. Id. at 36.

 On the same date, the Fusion GPS co-founder sent an email to the aforementioned

New York Times reporter, providing him with a website link to Russian Bank-1-related data that

apparently had been posted to the internet. The reporter responded, “thanks[,] where did this come

from,” to which the co-founder replied, in part: “no idea. our tech maven says it was first posted

via reddit.” (The referenced “tech maven” is the Fusion Witness whom the Government expects to

call at trial.) Id. at 55.

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 On October 31, 2016 – the same date that both Slate and the New York Times

published new articles about the Russian Bank-1 allegations – one of the Fusion GPS co-founders

emailed the Yahoo News reporter, stating, “Big story on the trump Alfa server moving early pm.

OTR [Off the record]. USG [United States Government] absolutely investigating. Campaign will

light up I imagine.” Id. at 59 (emphasis added).

 On the same date, the Fusion GPS co-founder sent an identical email to the

aforementioned Reuters reporter. Id. at 60.

In sum, Fusion GPS records themselves – none of which copy or contain reference to a

single lawyer – reflect that far from acting primarily as a confidential expert or legal advisor on

these issues, the firm functioned instead as an aggressive disseminator of information, and as what

one journalist has called “something of a public reading room for journalists seeking information

about Trumpworld.” The Real Story Behind the Steele Dossier, Peter Nicholas, THE ATLANTIC,

November 21, 2019. And while such political consulting and media relations work is entirely

permissible in the political realm, a “public reading room” logically does not serve as an appropriate

forum or facilitator of confidential legal advice.

In addition to the foregoing emails, the book published by Fusion GPS’s co-founders, Crime

in Progress: Inside The Steele Dossier and the Fusion GPS Investigation of Donald Trump,

underscores and compounds this point. Fusion GPS claims in its opposition that the portions of the

book cited by the Government in its Motion do not reflect actual internal deliberations or work

product. See Fusion GPS Opp. at 17-18. But the book does contain other, detailed and express

discussions of the very same types of research and internal communications that Fusion GPS’s

counsel now seek to withhold from the Government’s trial evidence. For example, the book

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recounts, among other things, the following episodes clearly reflecting Fusion GPS’s internal

research and/or deliberations:

 “In early May, Fritsch asked Berkowitz to expand on the Russia angle. The result

was a fifteen-page memorandum Fritsch described in a May 19 email to Berkowitz as ‘a true tour

de sleaze.’ It’s first line: ‘Donald Trump’s connections to Vladimir Putin’s Russia are deeper than

generally appreciated and raise significant national security concerns.’” Crime In Progress, pg. 61.

 “Fusion’s in-house cyber ninja, [name of the Government’s expected Fusion GPS

trial witness], was asked to analyze the DC Leaks site. Her assessment came back quickly. ‘The

poor English and amateurish site architecture—no SSL encryption, open downloads folder—

screams ‘Russian hackers’ to me,’ she said.” Id. at 75.

 “Simpson and Fritsch decided not to tell Elias, the Clinton Campaign’s attorney, that

[Christopher Steele] was going to the FBI. While Elias was aware that Fusion had engaged

someone outside the United States to gather information on Trump’s ties to Russia, he did not ask

who it was or what the person’s credentials were. In this case it was better to ask forgiveness, they

reasoned.” Id. at 96.

 “Fusion’s research into property records showed that many of the Trump-branded

properties [Chamber President-1] claimed to be pushing on Russian investors were located in New

York and three huge condo towers north of Miami Beach in a community called Sunny Isles Beach,

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a.k.a. ‘Little Moscow.’ . . . That’s where Fusion decided to dedicate considerable research

muscle.”4

While counsel for Fusion GPS and the aforementioned privilege holders now seek

retroactively to throw a blanket of privilege over such internal communications and research, this

change of tack lacks support in the law. The above record reflects clearly that Fusion GPS did not

treat as sufficiently confidential in the first place the very categories of information that it now seeks

to withhold from the Government. Fusion GPS therefore did not adequately maintain, and at the

very least has now waived, the confidentiality of the foregoing categories of information. And

while Fusion GPS claims in its Opposition that the Court should exercise its discretion to construe

any waiver narrowly, see Fusion GPS Opp. at 16; In re Sealed Case, 767 F.2d 793, 809 (D.D.C.

April 23, 1982), the Government respectfully submits that Fusion GPS’s repeated and extensive

disclosures to the media and the public on a wide variety of topics over the course of numerous

years counsels against limiting any waiver.

4
In fact, on September 24, 2016, the Fusion GPS co-founder emailed two New York Times
reporters internal Fusion GPS-created research reports on Trump’s real estate holdings including a
report titled “Sunny Isles Realty 8.17.16.docx.” In sending the reports, the Fusion GPS co-founder
wrote

Gents good to see you yesterday. sounded like you might be

interested in some of the attached russia-related material. these are
internal, open source research drafts, as agreed, pls treat this as
background/not for attribution. as you’ll see it’s all easily replicated
anyway. Can also send you a [name]/Toronto memo once i dig it
out. I’m skipping over [name] and [company name]. believe your
guys have done that up . . . leave it to you to distribute internally, or
not, as you see fit. don’t believe sunny isles/hollywood or panama
or toronto have been touched by brands xy or z. amazingly, don’t
think anyone has done up the trump tower poker ring story either.
pretty vivid color there.

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Nor does the record reveal any indications whatsoever that the specific materials being

withheld bore a direct relationship to legal advice. The parties’ arguments falter especially in light

of the affidavits that HFA Campaign Chair John Podesta and Campaign Manager Robby Mook

submitted in connection with the instant Motion. Tellingly, neither affidavit makes reference to

specific instances of legal advice that Elias dispensed to HFA based on Fusion GPS’s research.

Both Messrs. Podesta and Mook appear to have assumed – without actual, first-hand knowledge,

that “whatever work Perkins Coie performed. . . was done for the purpose of providing legal

services and legal advice[.]” (Mook Aff. at 2). But that is not enough. Indeed, the Mook and

Podesta affidavits provide or describe no examples of occasions when Elias advised them on laws

concerning libel, defamation, or any other legal issue.

In addition, the Government has interviewed Mr. Mook. During that interview, Mook stated

that he could not recall any specific instances of legal advice that Perkins Coie provided based on

Fusion GPS’s work. When asked if he would have remembered such advice if it had been given,

Mook stated that such a question was difficult to answer given the passage of time. While Mook

stated that he and others at HFA believed in 2016 that there was a real prospect of litigation from

Trump, and that legal advice and considerations were therefore “baked in” to HFA’s arrangements

with any opposition research Perkins Coie oversaw, Mook also stated that:

 HFA decided in 2016 to bifurcate its opposition research efforts pertaining to Trump

between (i) the campaign’s Research Department, which handled domestic

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opposition research,5 and (ii) Perkins Coie, which handled and oversaw

“international” opposition research;

 HFA decided to place its “international” opposition research under Perkins Coie

because the firm could, for example, better facilitate researchers’ travel overseas,

and because HFA wanted to protect the individuals who conducted such

international research;

 Mook received general updates concerning the findings of Perkins Coie’s opposition

research, but he was not aware specifically who had been retained to conduct such

research;

 Mook was not aware that Perkins Coie and/or the researchers were sharing any of

their work with the media or the FBI (with the exception of the Russian Bank-1

allegations, which campaign leadership decided to share with the press).

Based on the foregoing, the privilege holders have not provided a valid reason to avoid in camera

review. To be sure, the Government does not dispute that perceived litigation risk from then-

candidate Trump may well have prompted a desire among HFA officials to maintain confidentiality

over aspects of their opposition research, and to avoid discovery (literally or legally) of their work

product in the event of such litigation. Nor does the Government dispute that HFA may have

assumed that placing such work under a law firm would ensure such confidentiality. But seeking

to keep work confidential alone does not automatically transform that work into services rendered

in support of legal advice. And the Kovel line of cases cited by Fusion GPS – which arose in the

5
Notably, even though the Research Department appears to have conducted similar work, it was
not under the sole supervision of lawyers—reflecting that the work at issue likely was not inherently
privileged or directly related to legal advice.
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context of actual professional services provided by accountants, scientific experts, translators, and

the like – has little apparent applicability to these facts. That is because the current record makes

plain that Fusion GPS was not acting in the same fashion as would an accountant or other

professional providing expert services to a law firm. Indeed, what accountant supporting a law

firm’s representation would share their analysis of a client’s financial information with reporters

prior to rendering a completed tax return or analysis? What translator assisting such a lawyer’s

representation would seek the publication in the media of yet-to-be-translated materials? Absent

proof that the specific communications at issue here directly supported legal advice or related

specifically to anticipated litigation, they are not privileged. See In re Grand Jury Subpoenas Dated

Mar. 24, 2003 Directed to (A) Grand Jury Witness Firm & (B) Grand Jury Witness, 265 F. Supp.

2d 321, 331 (S.D.N.Y. 2003) (holding that “[c]ommunications with the [public relations]

consultants, some of which took place in the presence of the lawyers while others were [without

lawyers]. . . were covered by the privilege provided the communications were directed at giving or

obtaining legal advice.) (emphasis added).

The parties’ arguments here are especially tenuous given that Fusion GPS appears to have

displayed none of the caution or markers of confidentiality that would typically accompany a legal

effort to assess or avoid liability for libel or defamation. To use another analogy, the parties’

privilege theory here is akin to claiming that a homeowner pursued “legal advice” regarding noise

complaints by having his lawyer hire a marching band to perform in his backyard. Fusion GPS,

having worked aggressively and loudly within media circles to seed its un-vetted work product into

the public domain, cannot now presumptively and in wholesale fashion claim the protections that

are reserved specifically for confidential legal advice. And even if some of Fusion GPS’s work did

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actually support legal advice, it is incumbent upon the parties to limit their privilege assertions to

those specific communications. Thus, it is appropriate for the Court to conduct an in camera review

of the relevant materials to determine which, if any, of the purportedly privileged communications

actually meet the applicable standards. See United States v. Zolin, 491 U.S. 554 (1987) (holding

that in camera review “may be used to determine whether allegedly privileged attorney-client

communications fall within the crime-fraud exception” where there is a “reasonable belief that in

camera review may yield evidence that establishes the exception’s applicability”); Kerr v. U. S.

Dist. Court for Northern Dist. of California, 426 U.S. 394, 405-06 (1976) (holding that “in camera

review of the documents is a relatively costless and eminently worthwhile method to insure that the

balance between petitioners’ claims of irrelevance and privilege and plaintiffs’ asserted need for

the documents is correctly struck.”); In re Sealed Case, 146 F.3d 881 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (remanding

to the District Court “for the court to review the documents in camera to determine whether, under

all the circumstances, the lawyer prepared them ‘in anticipation of litigation,’ or whether they were

prepared in the ordinary course of business”).

B. Tech Executive-1 Cannot Claim Privilege or Work Product Protections Over

Fusion GPS Materials

Nor can Tech Executive-1 presumptively seek to cover himself under the HFA and DNC’s

privilege umbrella. Tech Executive-1’s opposition asserts that the privilege claims by all three of

these parties are proper because the Kovel doctrine protects the work product of a retained expert

“whether [the expert is] hired by the lawyer or the client.” Tech Exec. Opp. at 2 (citation omitted).

But Tech Executive-1 ignores the critical and dispositive fact that Perkins Coie hired Fusion GPS

to assist HFA and the DNC, not Tech Executive-1. Indeed, Tech Executive-1 did not pay at all for

Fusion GPS’s services, and Perkins Coie did not charge Tech Executive-1 for such services. Nor

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did Perkins Coie maintain an agreement, contract, or other arrangement reflecting that Fusion GPS

was providing services specifically to aid Perkins Coie’s legal representation of Tech Executive-1.

Indeed, Tech Executive-1 does not cite a single case in which a lawyer’s client validly claimed

privilege or work product protections over materials prepared for the benefit of another client.

C. The Government Has Met Its Burden to Access Fusion GPS’s Work Product

Finally, even if the parties had established a sufficient basis to establish that the materials

in question are protected by the attorney work product doctrine – which they have not – the

Government’s need for the materials is sufficient to overcome the barrier to discovery of work

product-protected materials (as opposed to the comparatively higher barrier to discovery of

attorney-client privileged information).

As has been set forth in prior filings, the work-product privilege protects “material ‘obtained

or prepared by an adversary’s counsel’ in the course of his legal duties, provided that the work was

done ‘with an eye toward litigation.’” In re Sealed Case, 676 F.2d at 809 (quoting Hickman v.

Taylor, 329 U.S. 495, 511 (1947)). This material includes the attorney’s “interviews, statements,

memoranda, correspondence, briefs, mental impressions,” and “personal beliefs.” Hickman, 329

U.S. at 511. The work-product privilege affords greater protection to “opinion work product, which

reveals ‘the mental impressions, conclusions, opinions, or legal theories of a party’s attorney or

other representative concerning the litigation,’” than to “fact work product, which does not.” FTC

v. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharm., Inc., 778 F.3d 142, 151 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (quoting FED. R. CIV.

P. 26(b)(3)(B)). Fact work product is discoverable “upon showing a substantial need for the

materials and an undue hardship in acquiring the information any other way,” Dir., Office of Thrift

Supervision v. Vinson & Elkins, LLP, 124 F.3d 1304, 1307 (D.C. Cir. 1997), a test we equate with

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a requirement “to show ‘adequate reasons’ why the work product should be subject to discovery,”

Boehringer, 778 F.3d at 153 (quoting In re Sealed Case, 676 F.2d at 809). Opinion work product,

in contrast, “is virtually undiscoverable.” Vinson & Elkins, 124 F.3d at 1307. In re Grand Jury

Investigation, No. MC 17-2336 (BAH), 2017 WL 4898143, at *12 (D.D.C. Oct. 2, 2017)

Where a party seeks to overcome work product protection, it must show either that “it has

a substantial need for the materials to prepare its case and cannot, without undue hardship obtain

their substantial equivalent by other means” for fact work product, or make an “extraordinary

showing of necessity” to obtain opinion work product. Boehringer, 778 F.3d at 153 (D.C. Cir.

2015) (quotations omitted).

Here, the vast majority of the relevant materials likely constitute fact work product, given

that few of the communications involve an attorney. In addition, the Government has met both

prongs of the relevant test. First, the Government has a “substantial need” for materials that it has

requested the Court to review in camera. Those materials include, for example, communications

between Tech Executive-1 and the Fusion Witness whom the Government will call at trial. The

Fusion Witness is, to the Government’s knowledge, the only Fusion GPS employee who exchanged

emails with Tech Executive-1 concerning the Russian Bank-1 allegations (or any other issue). The

Fusion Witness also (i) acted as the firm’s primary “technical” expert; (ii) worked for an extended

time period on issues relating to the Russian Bank-1 allegations; (iii) was a part of the team that

handled work under Fusion’s contract with HFA and the DNC; and (iv) met in 2016 with various

parties – including Law Firm-1, Tech Executive-1, and the media – about the Russian Bank-1

allegations. As such, the Fusion Witness undoubtedly possesses unique insight to the core issue to

be decided by the jury—i.e., whether the defendant was acting on behalf of one or more clients

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when he worked on the Russian Bank-1 allegations. Accordingly, the Government has a

“substantial need” to obtain the Fusion Witness’s communications relating to the Russian Bank-1

allegations.

Moreover, the materials for which the Government has requested in camera review also

include internal Fusion GPS communications regarding one of the three white papers that the

defendant provided to the FBI, namely, the “[Russian Bank-1’s parent company] Overview” paper.

Communications regarding the origins and background the very Fusion GPS paper that the

defendant brought to the FBI are therefore likely to shed unique light on the defendant’s meeting

with the FBI General Counsel, including the defendant’s work on behalf of his clients. Fusion

GPS’s communications regarding that paper in the days prior to the defendant’s meeting with the

FBI General Counsel are also likely to reveal information about the paper’s intended purpose and

audience. Such facts will, again, shed critical light on the defendant’s conduct and meeting with

the FBI.

Second, the Government cannot “without undue hardship obtain the[] substantial

equivalent” of these materials “by other means.” Boehringer Ingelheim Pharms., Inc., 778 F.3d at

153. That is because these materials constitute mostly internal Fusion GPS communications and,

accordingly, are not available from any other source. To the extent these communications reflect

emails with Tech Executive-1, they are similarly unavailable because Tech Executive-1 has invoked

his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination. Therefore, obtaining the materials or their

substantial equivalent from another source would not merely present an “undue hardship,” but

rather, is impossible.

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CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court should grant the Government’s Motions to Compel the

Production of Purported Privileged Communications Withheld by Non-Party Entities for in Camera

Inspection by the Court.

Respectfully submitted,

JOHN H. DURHAM
Special Counsel

By:

/S/ _____________
Jonathan E. Algor
Assistant Special Counsel
jonathan.algor@usdoj.gov

Andrew J. DeFilippis
Assistant Special Counsel
andrew.defilippis@usdoj.gov

Michael T. Keilty
Assistant Special Counsel
michael.keilty@usdoj.gov

Brittain Shaw
Assistant Special Counsel
brittain.shaw@usdoj.gov

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EXHIBIT A

FILED UNDER SEAL