COVID-19 early treatment: real-time analysis of 3,997 studies
Analysis of 68 COVID-19 early treatments,
approvals in 104 countries, database of
7,389 treatments
Arambepola | 208 patients vitamin D sufficiency: 47% fewer cases (p=0.27) |
Grandits | 58 patient lufotrelvir late treatment RCT: 22% higher mortality (p=0.77) and 44% higher hospital discharge (p=0.11) |
Mosadegh | RCT 400 critically ill ICU patients with omicron-related ARDS showing significantly reduced mortality and inflammatory markers with a nutritional.. |
Dimnjaković | 7,539 patients metformin prophylaxis: 23% lower hospitalization (p=0.004) and 12% fewer cases (p=0.04) |
Fountain-Jones | Analysis of immunocompromised COVID-19 showing rapid creation of new variants with molnupiravir. Some mutations became fixed in the viral population.. |
Timeline for when studies showed efficacy - details and limitations.
0.6% of treatments show efficacy.
Treatment cost times median NNT - details and limitations.
0.6% of treatments show efficacy.
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All clinical results for selected treatments. 0.6% of treatments show efficacy.
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Random effects meta-analysis of all studies (pooled effects, all stages). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages and outcomes depend on the distribution of stages and outcomes tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage and outcome analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.6% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
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Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment studies (pooled effects). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.6% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
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Random effects meta-analysis of all mortality results (all stages). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages depend on the distribution of stages tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.6% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
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Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment mortality results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.6% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
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Random effects meta-analysis of prophylaxis studies (pooled effects). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.6% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
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Random effects meta-analysis of prophylaxis mortality results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.6% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. |
LATE TREATMENT | ||||||
Physician / Team | Location | Patients | HospitalizationHosp. | MortalityDeath | ||
Dr. David Uip (*) | Brazil | 2,200 | 38.6% (850) | Ref. | 2.5% (54) | Ref. |
EARLY TREATMENT - 39 physicians/teams | ||||||
Physician / Team | Location | Patients | HospitalizationHosp. | ImprovementImp. | MortalityDeath | ImprovementImp. |
Dr. Roberto Alfonso Accinelli 0/360 deaths for treatment within 3 days |
Peru | 1,265 | 0.6% (7) | 77.5% | ||
Dr. Mohammed Tarek Alam patients up to 84 years old |
Bangladesh | 100 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Oluwagbenga Alonge | Nigeria | 310 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Raja Bhattacharya up to 88yo, 81% comorbidities |
India | 148 | 1.4% (2) | 44.9% | ||
Dr. Flavio Cadegiani | Brazil | 3,450 | 0.1% (4) | 99.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Alessandro Capucci | Italy | 350 | 4.6% (16) | 88.2% | ||
Dr. Shankara Chetty | South Africa | 8,000 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Deborah Chisholm | USA | 100 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Ryan Cole | USA | 400 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Marco Cosentino vs. 3-3.8% mortality during period; earlier treatment better |
Italy | 392 | 6.4% (25) | 83.5% | 0.3% (1) | 89.6% |
Dr. Jeff Davis | USA | 6,000 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Dhanajay | India | 500 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Bryan Tyson & Dr. George Fareed | USA | 20,000 | 0.0% (6) | 99.9% | 0.0% (4) | 99.2% |
Dr. Raphael Furtado | Brazil | 170 | 0.6% (1) | 98.5% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Heather Gessling | USA | 1,500 | 0.1% (1) | 97.3% | ||
Dr. Ellen Guimarães | Brazil | 500 | 1.6% (8) | 95.9% | 0.4% (2) | 83.7% |
Dr. Syed Haider | USA | 4,000 | 0.1% (5) | 99.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Mark Hancock | USA | 24 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Sabine Hazan | USA | 1,000 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Mollie James | USA | 3,500 | 1.1% (40) | 97.0% | 0.0% (1) | 98.8% |
Dr. Roberta Lacerda | Brazil | 550 | 1.5% (8) | 96.2% | 0.4% (2) | 85.2% |
Dr. Katarina Lindley | USA | 100 | 5.0% (5) | 87.1% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Ben Marble | USA | 150,000 | 0.0% (4) | 99.9% | ||
Dr. Edimilson Migowski | Brazil | 2,000 | 0.3% (7) | 99.1% | 0.1% (2) | 95.9% |
Dr. Abdulrahman Mohana | Saudi Arabia | 2,733 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Carlos Nigro | Brazil | 5,000 | 0.9% (45) | 97.7% | 0.5% (23) | 81.3% |
Dr. Benoit Ochs | Luxembourg | 800 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Ortore | Italy | 240 | 1.2% (3) | 96.8% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Valerio Pascua one death for a patient presenting on the 5th day in need of supplemental oxygen |
Honduras | 415 | 6.3% (26) | 83.8% | 0.2% (1) | 90.2% |
Dr. Sebastian Pop | Romania | 300 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Brian Proctor | USA | 869 | 2.3% (20) | 94.0% | 0.2% (2) | 90.6% |
Dr. Anastacio Queiroz | Brazil | 700 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Didier Raoult | France | 8,315 | 2.6% (214) | 93.3% | 0.1% (5) | 97.6% |
Dr. Karin Ried up to 99yo, 73% comorbidities, av. age 63 |
Turkey | 237 | 0.4% (1) | 82.8% | ||
Dr. Roman Rozencwaig patients up to 86 years old |
Canada | 80 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Vipul Shah | India | 8,000 | 0.1% (5) | 97.5% | ||
Dr. Silvestre Sobrinho | Brazil | 116 | 8.6% (10) | 77.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Unknown | Brazil | 957 | 1.7% (16) | 95.7% | 0.2% (2) | 91.5% |
Dr. Vladimir Zelenko | USA | 2,200 | 0.5% (12) | 98.6% | 0.1% (2) | 96.3% |
Mean improvement with early treatment protocols | 237,521 | HospitalizationHosp. | 94.1% | MortalityDeath | 94.7% |
Physician results with early treatment protocols compared to
no early treatment. These results are subject to selection and ascertainment
bias and more accurate analysis requires details of the patient populations
and followup, however results are consistently better across many teams, and consistent
with the extensive controlled trial evidence that shows a significant
reduction in risk with many early treatments, and improved results with the
use of multiple treatments in combination.
Arambepola | 208 patients sufficiency: 47% fewer cases (p=0.27) |
Mosadegh | RCT 400 critically ill ICU patients with omicron-related ARDS showing significantly reduced mortality and inflammatory markers with a nutritional.. |
Grandits | 58 patient late treatment RCT: 22% higher mortality (p=0.77) and 44% higher hospital discharge (p=0.11) |
Mosadegh | RCT 400 critically ill ICU patients with omicron-related ARDS showing significantly reduced mortality and inflammatory markers with a nutritional.. |
Mosadegh | RCT 400 critically ill ICU patients with omicron-related ARDS showing significantly reduced mortality and inflammatory markers with a nutritional.. |
Kim | RCT 80 healthy adults in Korea showing increased natural killer cell activity with ALP1018, a nanomineral supplement containing iron and zinc. The.. |
Mosadegh | RCT 400 critically ill ICU patients with omicron-related ARDS showing significantly reduced mortality and inflammatory markers with a nutritional.. |
Mosadegh | RCT 400 critically ill ICU patients with omicron-related ARDS showing significantly reduced mortality and inflammatory markers with a nutritional.. |
Dimnjaković | 7,539 patients prophylaxis: 23% lower hospitalization (p=0.004) and 12% fewer cases (p=0.04) |
Silverii | 524 patients prophylaxis: 29% lower mortality (p=0.5) |
Fountain-Jones | Analysis of immunocompromised COVID-19 showing rapid creation of new variants with molnupiravir. Some mutations became fixed in the viral population.. |
Yadav | RCT 63 hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing significant reductions in depression, anxiety, stress, and fear scores with breathing exercises 30.. |
Deji | Retrospective 24,826 COVID-19 cases in China showing lower COVID-19 cases with increasing sunlight hours in high altitude regions. Higher sunlight.. |
Jitobaom | In vitro study showing that ivermectin inhibits dengue, Zika, and SARS-CoV-2 by targeting the host protein inositol monophosphatase (IMPase)... |
Khawaja | RCT 57 hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing no significant difference in outcomes with convalescent plasma treatment. |
Inokuchi | 38 patient early treatment RCT: 67% lower hospitalization (p=0.55) and 24% improved recovery (p=0.72) |
Inokuchi | 38 patient early treatment RCT: 67% lower hospitalization (p=0.55) and 24% improved recovery (p=0.72) |
Savaliya | 300 patient early treatment RCT: 86% improved recovery (p<0.0001) and 53% improved viral clearance (p<0.0001) |
Savaliya | 300 patient early treatment RCT: 86% improved recovery (p<0.0001) and 53% improved viral clearance (p<0.0001) |
Chen | Review of quercetin and quercetin-containing formulas for COVID-19. Quercetin exhibits antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidative.. |
Korves | Retrospective 12,538 COVID-19 patients, showing associations between specific SARS-CoV-2 lineages and amino acid mutations and increased.. |
Duloquin | Review of the extrapulmonary manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection, which can affect multiple organs beyond the lungs including the cardiovascular,.. |
Wannigama | 498 patient early treatment RCT: 98% lower ventilation (p<0.0001), 89% lower need for oxygen therapy (p<0.0001), 94% lower hospitalization (p<0.0001), and 40% lower PASC (p<0.0001) |
Wannigama | 686 patient early treatment RCT: 98% lower ventilation (p<0.0001), 100% lower need for oxygen therapy (p<0.0001), 98% lower hospitalization (p<0.0001), and 55% lower PASC (p<0.0001) |
Recent studies (see the individual treatment pages for all studies):
Mar 27 |
et al., PLOS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0301056 | Association of anti-diabetic drugs and covid-19 outcomes in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and chronic kidney disease: Nationwide registry analysis |
23% lower hospitalization (p=0.004) and 12% fewer cases (p=0.04). Retrospective 7,539 patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and chronic kidney disease in Croatia showing lower risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection with SGLT-2 inhibitors, metformin, and repaglinide use, and lower risk of COVID-19 hospitalization.. | ||
Mar 25 |
et al., Interactive Journal of Medical Research, doi:10.2196/43585 | Influence of the environmental factors and genome diversity on COVID-19 cumulative infection in highland region of China: Comparative correlational study (Preprint) |
Retrospective 24,826 COVID-19 cases in China showing lower COVID-19 cases with increasing sunlight hours in high altitude regions. Higher sunlight hours was also associated with fewer mutations. | ||
Mar 24 |
et al., AMB Express, doi:10.1186/s13568-024-01690-8 | NBS superfood: a promising adjunctive therapy in critically ill ICU patients with omicron variant of COVID-19 |
RCT 400 critically ill ICU patients with omicron-related ARDS showing significantly reduced mortality and inflammatory markers with a nutritional supplement containing vitamins A, B1–B3, B5, B6, B9, C, D, K, and zinc, potassium, manganese.. | ||
Mar 24 |
et al., Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, doi:10.1016/j.jaim.2024.100897 | Effect of Yoga-based breathing practices on depression, anxiety, stress, and fear of COVID-19 positive hospitalized patients: A randomized controlled trial |
RCT 63 hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing significant reductions in depression, anxiety, stress, and fear scores with breathing exercises 30 minutes per day for 10 days. | ||
Mar 24 |
et al., Journal of Clinical Medicine, doi:10.3390/jcm13071874 | Is Metformin Use Associated with a More Favorable COVID-19 Course in People with Diabetes? |
29% lower mortality (p=0.5). Retrospective 524 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with diabetes in Italy, showing lower risk of mortality with metformin use, without statistical significance. The results adjusted only for COVID-19 MRS differ between the text and Figure 2. | ||
Mar 22 |
et al., The Lancet Microbe, doi:10.1016/S2666-5247(23)00393-2 | Effect of molnupiravir on SARS-CoV-2 evolution in immunocompromised patients: a retrospective observational study |
Analysis of immunocompromised COVID-19 showing rapid creation of new variants with molnupiravir. Some mutations became fixed in the viral population and the distinctive mutational pattern, dominated by G-to-A and C-to-T transitions, persi.. | ||
Mar 21 |
et al., Journal of Medical Virology, doi:10.1002/jmv.29552 | Identification of inositol monophosphatase as a broad‐spectrum antiviral target of ivermectin |
In vitro study showing that ivermectin inhibits dengue, Zika, and SARS-CoV-2 by targeting the host protein inositol monophosphatase (IMPase). Authors used thermal proteomic profiling to identify IMPase as a target of ivermectin in human c.. | ||
Mar 21 |
et al., Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1080/23744235.2024.2329957 | Double-blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled trial of convalescent plasma for COVID-19: analyses by neutralising antibodies homologous to donors’ variants |
RCT 57 hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing no significant difference in outcomes with convalescent plasma treatment. | ||
Mar 19 |
et al., The Kurume Medical Journal, doi:10.2739/kurumemedj.MS7012003 | Oral Colchicine and Low-Dose Aspirin Combination Therapy for Non-elderly, Non-severe, Early Time From Onset, Adult Outpatients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) during “The Fifth Pandemic Wave” in Japan |
67% lower hospitalization (p=0.55) and 24% improved recovery (p=0.72). RCT 38 low risk outpatients in Japan, showing no significant differences for colchicine and low-dose aspirin compared to loxoprofen. Hospitalization was lower, without statistical significance (4.3% vs. 13.3%, p=0.34). There were no criti.. | ||
Mar 18 |
et al., Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, doi:10.12669/pjms.40.5.8757 | Effectiveness of early pharmaceutical interventions in symptomatic COVID-19 patients: A randomized clinical trial |
71% lower mortality (p=0.03), 4% greater improvement (p=0.64), and 10% improved viral clearance (p=0.52). RCT 471 mild COVID-19 patients in Pakistan showing no significant differences in clinical improvement and viral clearance between HCQ, azithromycin, oseltamivir, and combinations. Mortality was significantly lower in HCQ vs. non-HCQ arms... | ||
Mar 18 |
et al., Pharmacological Reports, doi:10.1007/s43440-024-00585-6 | Effect of polyphenols against complications of COVID-19: current evidence and potential efficacy |
Review of polyphenols for COVID-19. Authors note that polyphenols can inhibit key SARS-CoV-2 enzymes involved in viral replication and infection, and that many polyphenols have well-established safety profiles. Authors recommend additiona.. | ||
Mar 15 |
et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu16060850 | Increasing Natural Killer Cell Activity of Mineral Nanomaterial ALP1018 in Healthy Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Comparative Clinical Trial |
RCT 80 healthy adults in Korea showing increased natural killer cell activity with ALP1018, a nanomineral supplement containing iron and zinc. The study found a statistically significant increase in NK cell activity at an E:T ratio of 50:.. | ||
Mar 14 |
et al., Gene, doi:10.1016/j.gene.2024.148366 | Nigella sativa, Anthemis hyaline and Citrus sinensis extracts reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication by fluctuating Rho GTPase, PI3K-AKT, and MAPK/ERK pathways in HeLa-CEACAM1a cells |
In Vitro study showing that nigella sativa, anthemis hyaline, and citrus sinensis extracts reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication in HeLa-CEACAM1a cells. Nigella sativa extract notably increased IL-8 levels, indicating its potential role in modula.. | ||
Mar 14 |
et al., NCT05087381 | Early treatment with fluvoxamine, bromhexine, cyproheptadine, and niclosamide to prevent clinical deterioration in patients with symptomatic COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial |
98% lower ventilation (p<0.0001), 100% lower need for oxygen therapy (p<0.0001), 98% lower hospitalization (p<0.0001), and 55% lower PASC (p<0.0001). RCT 995 outpatients showing significantly lower progression with early treatment within 48 hours using fluvoxamine, fluvoxamine+bromhexine, fluvoxamine+cyproheptadine, and niclosamide+bromhexine. 70% of patients received treatment within .. | ||
Mar 13 |
et al., Behavioural Public Policy, doi:10.1017/bpp.2024.11 | EAST framework to promote adherence to nutritional supplementation: a strategy to mitigate COVID-19 within health workers |
36% fewer cases (p=0.03). Prospective study of 1,063 health workers in Colombia showing lower COVID-19 infection rates with adherence to a vitamin D and C supplementation plan, however very limited baseline information is provided for the adherent vs. non-adherent.. | ||
Mar 13 |
et al., Phytotherapy Research, doi:10.1002/ptr.8175 | Effect and mechanism of quercetin or quercetin‐containing formulas against |
Review of quercetin and quercetin-containing formulas for COVID-19. Quercetin exhibits antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidative, and antithrombotic effects relevant to COVID-19, with strong preclinical evidence. Autho.. | ||
Mar 13 |
et al., JAMA Network Open, doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.1765 | COVID-19 Rebound After VV116 vs Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir Treatment |
RCT showing high rates of viral and symptom rebound with both paxlovid and deuremidevir (VV116). There are multiple potential reasons, with one being the highly specific targets within viral replication (Mpro and RdRp respectively). Paxlo.. | ||
Mar 8 |
et al., Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, doi:10.3389/fcimb.2024.1360075 | The effect of vitamin D deficiency on platelet parameters in patients with COVID-19 |
Retrospective study of 707 COVID-19 patients showing higher platelet count and mean platelet volume (MPV) in patients with vitamin D deficiency compared to those without deficiency and healthy controls. There was a significant negative co.. | ||
Mar 8 |
et al., Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy, doi:10.1016/j.jiac.2024.03.007 | Zinc deficiency is a potential risk factor for COVID-19 progression to pneumonia requiring oxygen therapy |
86% lower need for oxygen therapy (p=0.007). Retrospective 60 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Japan showing higher risk of progression to pneumonia requiring oxygen therapy with zinc deficiency at the time of diagnosis. | ||
Mar 7 |
et al., Biomedicines, doi:10.3390/biomedicines12030605 | Insulin and Metformin Administration: Unravelling the Multifaceted Association with Mortality across Various Clinical Settings Considering Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and COVID-19 |
23% lower mortality (p=0.15). Retrospective 430 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with type 2 diabetes in Poland showing lower mortality with metformin and higher mortality with remdesivir, convalescent plasma, and aspirin in univariable analysis. These results were not.. | ||
Mar 7 |
et al., Journa of Clinical Medicine, doi:10.3390/jcm13061538 | Vitamin A Positively Correlates with Secretory Immunoglobulin A: A Cross-Sectional Study in Omicron COVID-19 Outpatients |
Analysis of 39 COVID-19 outpatients showing a positive correlation between vitamin A nutritional status and secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) levels. Patients with higher dietary vitamin A intake showed higher SIgA/IgG1 and SIgA/IgG3 rati.. | ||
Mar 6 |
et al., Heliyon, doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27373 | Investigating efficacy of colchicine plus phenolic monoterpenes fraction as a potential treatment for patients diagnosed with COVID-19: A randomized controlled parallel clinical trial |
81% lower mortality (p=0.03), 87% lower ICU admission (p=0.002), and 35% shorter hospitalization (p<0.0001). RCT 179 hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing lower mortality, ICU admission, and hospitalization duration with colchicine plus phenolic monoterpenes compared to standard care alone. The intervention group received 0.8 mg/day colchicine .. | ||
Mar 4 |
et al., Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.02.023 | High risk of malnutrition among hospitalised coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients is associated with mortality and other clinical outcomes |
54% lower mortality (p=0.15), 8% lower ventilation (p=0.87), and 28% lower ICU admission (p=0.43). Retrospective 273 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Iceland showing high risk of malnutrition associated with ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, and mortality. Mortality was higher with vitamin D insufficiency, but this result was not.. | ||
Mar 4 |
et al., Journal of Cancer, doi:10.7150/jca.91530 | A Retrospective Analysis of Azvudine in Patients with COVID-19 and Pre-existing Cancer |
11% shorter hospitalization (p=0.26) and 50% improved viral clearance (p=0.03). PSM retrospective 84 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with pre-existing cancer in China, showing faster viral clearance with azvudine. There was no significant difference in length of hospital stay or ICU admission. | ||
Mar 4 |
et al., International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, doi:10.1093/ijpp/riae003 | Impact of uricosurics on mortality outcomes in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |
50% lower mortality (p=0.008). Systematic review and meta analysis of 27 RCTs investigating the impact of uricosuric drugs on mortality in COVID-19 patients. The pooled analysis found no significant association between uricosuric use and mortality risk. However, a subg.. | ||
Mar 4 |
et al., BMC Nutrition, doi:10.1186/s40795-024-00821-5 | Dietary mineral intakes predict Coronavirus-disease 2019 (COVID-19) incidence and hospitalization in older adults |
31% lower hospitalization (p=0.02). Analysis of 1,957 older adults showing lower risk of COVID-19 hospitalization with higher dietary zinc intake. Each unit increase in zinc intake was associated with a 31% reduction in the risk of COVID-19 hospitalization after adjustments.. | ||
Mar 2 |
et al., Antiviral Research, doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105840 | The host-targeted antiviral drug Zapnometinib exhibits a high barrier to the development of SARS-CoV-2 resistance |
In Vitro study showing that molnupiravir and paxlovid induced resistant variants in SARS-CoV-2 during serial passaging, while the host-directed antiviral zapnometinib did not. Authors found that molnupiravir did not lead to abrogated vira.. | ||
Mar 2 |
et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu16050727 | The Association of Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphisms with COVID-19 Severity |
Case-control study of 137 COVID-19 patients and 72 controls in Greece showing an association between the TaqI vitamin D receptor polymorphism and increased risk of severe COVID-19, independent of potential confounders such as age, sex, an.. | ||
Mar 2 |
, W., Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, doi:10.1016/bs.afnr.2023.12.007 | Vitamin D and viral infections: Infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancers |
Review of vitamin D and solar ultraviolet radiation-B (UVB) for reducing the risk of diseases related to viruses including certain respiratory tract diseases, autoimmune diseases, and several types of cancer. Author notes that vitamin D p.. | ||
Mar 1 |
et al., Emerging Infectious Diseases, doi:10.3201/eid3003.231194 | Estimates of Incidence and Predictors of Fatiguing Illness after SARS-CoV-2 Infection |
Retrospective 4,589 COVID-19 patients and 9,022 matched controls showing that COVID-19 patients had a significantly higher risk of developing fatigue and chronic fatigue. Among COVID-19 patients, nutritional deficiency (including vitamin .. | ||
Feb 29 |
et al., Journal of Infection, doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106130 | Ivermectin for COVID-19 in adults in the community (PRINCIPLE): an open, randomised, controlled, adaptive platform trial of short- and longer-term outcomes |
Significantly improved recovery and significantly lower risk of long COVID with ivermectin (PRINCIPLE trial).. Significantly improved recovery and significantly lower risk of long COVID with ivermectin, despite very late treatment, low-risk patients, and poor administration. 36% lower ongoing persistent COVID-19 specific symptoms, p 0.999), missin.. | ||
Feb 29 |
et al., International Journal of Nanomedicine, doi:10.2147/ijn.s451206 | Natural Products-Based Inhaled Formulations for Treating Pulmonary Diseases |
Review of nanoformulations for inhaled therapeutics for respiratory diseases including potential for COVID-19. Inhaled formulations deliver treatment directly to both the upper and lower respiratory tract, enabling higher local concentrat.. | ||
Feb 29 |
et al., Antiviral Research, doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105852 | Prophylactic effect of ensitrelvir in mice infected with SARS-CoV-2 |
Mouse study showing protective effects against SARS-CoV-2 infection in aged mice with the 3CL protease inhibitor ensitrelvir. A single subcutaneous dose of ensitrelvir at 64, 96, or 128 mg/kg given 24 hours before a lethal SARS-CoV-2 chal.. | ||
Feb 28 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2024.02.26.24302674 | Single cell sequencing reveals cellular landscape alterations in the airway mucosa of patients with pulmonary long COVID |
Single-cell RNA sequencing study of airway cells from patients with persistent respiratory symptoms due to COVID-19 infection (pulmonary long COVID) over 1 year after initial infection. Authors found increased neutrophils and neutrophil a.. | ||
Feb 28 |
et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-024-55407-9 | Antiplatelet therapy prior to COVID-19 infection impacts on patients mortality: a propensity score-matched cohort study |
no change in mortality (p=1). Retrospective 2,170 hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing no difference in mortality with remdesivir in unadjusted results. | ||
Feb 28 |
et al., Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu16050679 | Preventive Vitamin D Supplementation and Risk for COVID-19 Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
Systematic review and meta analysis of 7 RCTs and 12 observational studies including over 1.2 million participants showing vitamin D prophylaxis associated with lower COVID-19 cases and lower ICU admission. |
We aim to cover the most promising early treatments for
COVID-19. We use pre-specified effect extraction criteria that prioritizes
more serious outcomes, for details see methods. For specific
outcomes and different treatment stages see the individual pages. Not all
treatments are covered here, effectiveness has been reported for many other treatments in studies.
Of the 3,997 studies,
2,131 present results comparing with a control group,
1,936 are treatment studies, and
195 analyze outcomes based on serum levels. There are
63 animal studies,
123 in silico studies,
221 in vitro studies,
248 reviews,
and 173 meta analyses.
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments.
c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from
thousands of papers. Community updates
help ensure high accuracy.
Treatments and other interventions are complementary.
All practical, effective, and safe
means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis.
No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current
and future variants.
We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication,
consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details
of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH
provide treatment protocols.
Thanks for your feedback! Please search before submitting papers and note
that studies are listed under the date they were first available, which may be
the date of an earlier preprint.